Style Manuals and Citation Methods: More on Citing

What are footnotes? What are endnotes?

• Footnotes are a method of including a superscript number at the end of the quote or paraphrase to guide the reader to the source material. The number refers to a citation at the bottom of the page. Check a style manual such as MLA or Turabian for more information.
• Endnotes use the same method but instead of including the citation at the bottom of the page they are on a separate page at the end of the paper.

More information:
How do Write Footnotes and Endnotes in MLA Style
Turabian Bibliographic Form: Footnote/Endnote Style from Georgetown University
 

In-text or parenthetical citations generally include a signal phrase (usually the author's name) to alert the author you are using someone's ideas and a reference (usually the page number). 

Examples:

Rose (1994) noted, rap music has both overt and covert political dimensions: "Rap's poetic voice is deeply political in context and spirit, but its hidden struggle--that of access to public space and community resources and the interpretations of Black expression--constitutes rap's hidden politics" (p. 145).

In the past twenty years, hip-hop culture and especially its most popular form of expression, rap music, have spread "from the margins to mainstream" (Stapleton 219). 

More information:
MLA In-text citations
APA In-text citations

How do I cite things like interviews, emails, etc.?
When you are using non-standard sources of information it can be more difficult to cite these sources. The official style manual will be the best resource for a complete description of how to cite. Here are a few web sites with information:

• Government Documents (i.e. hearings before Congress, Agency publications)
• Legal Materials
• Audio Recording (MLA)
• Book Reviews (MLA)
• Email/Text Messages
• Conference Paper or Poster (APA)
• Film or Video
• Television or Radio 
• Interview
• Thesis or Dissertation (MLA)
• Unpublished Material

Tip: Use a search engine, like Google, and search for "APA citation ERIC document" or "MLA citation interview" to find more examples.

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